這篇文章主要介紹了在PostgreSQL中使用ltree處理層次結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù),本文給大家介紹的非常詳細，對大家的學習或工作具有一定的參考借鑒價值，需要的朋友可以參考下。
在本文中，我們將學習如何使用PostgreSQL的ltree模塊，該模塊允許以分層的樹狀結(jié)構(gòu)存儲數(shù)據(jù)。
什么是ltree？
Ltree是PostgreSQL模塊。它實現(xiàn)了一種數(shù)據(jù)類型ltree，用于表示存儲在分層樹狀結(jié)構(gòu)中的數(shù)據(jù)的標簽。提供了用于搜索標簽樹的廣泛工具。
為什么選擇ltree？
ltree實現(xiàn)了一個物化路徑，對于INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE來說非?？?，而對于SELECT操作則較快
通常，它比使用經(jīng)常需要重新計算分支的遞歸CTE或遞歸函數(shù)要快
如內(nèi)置的查詢語法和專門用于查詢和導(dǎo)航樹的運算符
索引！?。?/p>
初始數(shù)據(jù)
首先，您應(yīng)該在數(shù)據(jù)庫中啟用擴展。您可以通過以下命令執(zhí)行此操作：
1CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
讓我們創(chuàng)建表并向其中添加一些數(shù)據(jù)：
CREATE TABLE comments (user_id integer, description text, path ltree);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), '0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0002');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0003');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0002');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0002.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 8, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 11, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0003');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 7, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0001');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 20, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0002');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 31, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0003');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0004');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 34, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0005');
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0006');
另外，我們應(yīng)該添加一些索引：
1
2CREATE INDEX path_gist_comments_idx ON comments USING GIST(path);CREATE INDEX path_comments_idx ON comments USING btree(path);
正如您看到的那樣，我建立comments表時帶有path字段，該字段包含該表的tree全部路徑。如您所見，對于樹分隔符，我使用4個數(shù)字和點。
讓我們在commenets表中找到path以‘0001.0003'的記錄：
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path <@ '0001.0003';
user_id | path
---------+--------------------------
6 | 0001.0003
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0002
11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003
7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001
20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002
31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004
34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006
(12 rows)
你不應(yīng)該忘記數(shù)據(jù)的順序，如下的例子：
$ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0001');
$ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0002');
$ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0003');
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*';
user_id | path
---------+--------------------------
6 | 0001.0003
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0002
11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003
7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001
20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002
31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004
34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003
(15 rows)
現(xiàn)在進行排序：
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*' ORDER by path;
user_id | path
---------+--------------------------
6 | 0001.0003
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003
9 | 0001.0003.0002
11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001
20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002
31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004
34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006
5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003
(15 rows)
可以在lquery的非星號標簽的末尾添加幾個修飾符，以使其比完全匹配更匹配：
“ @”-不區(qū)分大小寫匹配，例如a @匹配A
“ *”-匹配任何帶有該前綴的標簽，例如foo *匹配foobar
“％”-匹配以下劃線開頭的單詞
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.*{1,2}.0001|0002.*' ORDER by path;
user_id | path
---------+--------------------------
2 | 0001.0001.0001
2 | 0001.0001.0001.0001
1 | 0001.0001.0001.0002
5 | 0001.0001.0001.0003
6 | 0001.0002.0001
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003
9 | 0001.0003.0002
11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001
20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002
31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004
34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006
5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003
(19 rows)
我們來為parent ‘0001.0003'找到所有直接的childrens，見下：
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*{1}' ORDER by path;
user_id | path
---------+----------------
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0002
(2 rows)
為parent ‘0001.0003'找到所有的childrens，見下：
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*' ORDER by path;
user_id | path
---------+--------------------------
6 | 0001.0003
8 | 0001.0003.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002
9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003
9 | 0001.0003.0002
11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001
20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002
31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004
34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005
22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006
5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003
(15 rows)
為children ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0005'找到parent:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path = subpath('0001.0003.0002.0002.0005', 0, -1) ORDER by path;
user_id | path
---------+---------------------
2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002
(1 row)
如果你的路徑不是唯一的，你會得到多條記錄。
文章來源：腳本之家
來源地址：https://www.jb51.net/article/208595.htm
申請創(chuàng)業(yè)報道，分享創(chuàng)業(yè)好點子。點擊此處，共同探討創(chuàng)業(yè)新機遇！
